Articles>
Splenda Safety Studies

Safe to use
13 Nov 2007

 

 

SPLENDA REFERENCES

1. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2006. Position Statement – American Diabetes Association. Diabetes

Care. 2006;29:S4-42.

 

2. Code of Federal Regulations: Title 21, Part 172. Available at:

http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_01/21cfrv3_01.html

 

3. Economic Research Service Loss-adjusted annual per capita food supply series, USDA. Food Review.

25:2-15,2003.

 

4. US Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Fact Book: 2001-2002, Chapter 2: Profiling Food Consumption in

America. Available at: http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.htm. Accessed March 2, 2006.

 

5. United States Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines

for Americans: 2005. January 12, 2005. Available at:

http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/

 

6. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and

obesity: Frequently asked questions (FAQs). Available at:

http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/faq.htm#adults. Accessed March 25, 2006.

 

7. World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Available at:

http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/

 

8. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Do you know the health risks of being

overweight? Available at: http://www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm. Accessed March 25,2006.

 

9. Allison DB, Narayan KM, Zannolli R. The direct health care costs of obesity in the United States. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1194-1199. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10432905&query_hl=25&itool=pubmed_DocSum

 

 

10. Colditz GA, Wolf AM. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. ObesityResearch. 1998;6:97-106. Available at:

http://www.obesityresearch.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/2/97?ijkey=a28ecad6cfbdadb1acbd76795d22bb58f4a65922&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

 

11. Economic Burden of Obesity in Youths Aged 6 to 17 Years: 1979–1999 [electronic article]. Pediatrics. 2002;109:e81. Available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/109/5/e81. Accessed March 28, 2006.

 

12. Fowler-Brown A, Kahwati LC. Prevention and Treatment of Overweight in Children and Adolescents. American Fam Phys. 2004;69:2591-2598. Available at: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040601/2591.html

 

13. Torgan C. Childhood obesity on the rise. In: Word on Health, NIH. Available at:

http://www.nih.gov/news/WordonHealth/jun2002/childhoodobesity.htm. Accessed March 31, 2006.

14. Barlow SE, Dietz WH, Klish WJ, Trowbridge FL. Medical evaluation of overweight children and adolescents: reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians. Pediatrics. 2002;110:222–228.

 

15. Styne DM. Childhood and adolescent obesity: Prevalence and significance. Pediatr Clin North Am.

2001;84:823–854.

 

16. Fulop MJ, Hansen JR, Hunter, MK. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth: A Growing Challenge. Clinical Diabetes. 2000;18:52. Available at: http://journal.diabetes.org/clinicaldiabetes/V18N22000/pg52.htm

 

17. Caprio S, Banyas B, Barbetta G et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:802-810. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11893791&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

18. Strauss RS. Childhood obesity and self-esteem [electronic article]. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e15. Available at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/1/e15

Accessed March 29, 2006

 

19. Hesketh K, Wake M, Waters E. Body mass index and parent-reported self-esteem in elementary school children: evidence for a causal relationship. International J Obesity. 2004;28:1233_-1237. Available at:

http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v28/n10/abs/0802624a.html;jsessionid=063CD0A5BC1C93AB6AE47ECF500F6672

 

20. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves new high-intensity sweetener sucralose. April 1, 1998. Talk Paper T98-16. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/tpsucral.html

 

21. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on sucralose. September 7, 2000. Available at:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out68_en.pdf

 

22. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. Submitted September 2, 1987.

 

23. Jenner MR. The uses and commercial development of sucralose. In: Grenby TH, ed. Advances in

Sweeteners. Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional; 1996:253-262.

 

24. Beyts PK, Wiet SG. Sensory characteristics of sucralose and other high intensity sweeteners. J Food Sci. 1992;57:1014-1019.

 

25. Horne J, Lawless HT, Speirs W, Sposato D. Bitter taste of saccharin and acesulfame-K. Chem Senses. 2002;27:31-38. Available at: http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/27/1/31

 

26. Behrens M, Bufe B, Frank O et al. Bitter taste receptors for saccharin and acesulfame K. J Neuroscience.

2004;24:10260-10265. Available at: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/45/10260

 

27. Conn GL, Hobbs JR, Munger SD, Nie Y, Vigues S. Distinct contributions of T1R2 and T1R3 taste receptor subunits to the detection of sweet stimuli. Curr Biol. 2005;15:1948-1952.

 

28. International Food Information Council Gestational Diabetes and Low-Calorie Sweeteners: Answers to Common Questions. February 2005. Available at: http://www.ific.org/publications/brochures/gestdiabetes.cfm

Accessed April 3, 2006.

29. Tso P. Gastrointestinal secretion, digestion, and absorption. In: Rhoades R and Tanner. G, eds. Medical Physiology. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. Available at: http://connection.lww.com/products/rhoades/documents/smch27.pdf

 

30. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;2-3:275-890.

 

31. Renwick AG, Roberts A, Sims J, Snodin DJ. Sucralose metabolism and pharmacokinetics in man. Food ChemTox. 2000;38(S2):S31-S41.

32. Goldsmith LA, Grice HC. Sucralose – an overview of the toxicity data. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S1-S6.

 

33. Daniel JW, Renwick AG, Roberts A, Sims J. The metabolic fate of sucralose in rats. Food Chem Tox.2000;38(S2): S115-S121.

 

34. Anderson AD, Fleming S, Jain PK et al. Evaluation of a triple sugar test of colonic permeability in humans. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;182:171-177. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15450113&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

35. Hawkins DR, John BA, Wood SG. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sucralose in the mouse. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S107-S110.

 

36. Hawkins DR, John BA, Wood SG. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sucralose in the dog. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S99-S106.

 

37. Hawkins DR, John BA, Wood SG. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sucralose in the rabbit. Food ChemTox. 2000;38(S2):S111-S113.

 

38. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;10:2661-2698.

 

39. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;10:2754-2778.

19

40. Allison DB, Koch P, Maggio CA et al. Glycemic effect of a single high oral dose of the novel sweetener sucralose in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:1004-1005.

 

41. Grotz VL, Henry RR, McGill JB et al. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:1607-1612.

 

42. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. August 16, 1996;1:1-357.

 

43. Grotz VL, Mandel ID. Dental considerations in sucralose use. J Clin Dent. 2002;13:116-118.

 

44. Banan A, Farhadi A, Fields J et al. Gas chromatographic method for detection of urinary sucralose: application to the assessment of intestinal permeability. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.2003;784:145-154. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12504193&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

45. Hildick-Smith G, McLean Baird I, Merritt RJ, Shephard NW. Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in human subjects. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S123-S130.

 

46. Goldsmith LA. Acute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S53-S69.

 

47. Federal Register. April 3, 1998;63(64):16417-16433.

 

48. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;45:13389-13457.

 

49. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. December 6, 1988;A13:A2762-2865.

 

50. Clare RA, Sclafani A. Female rats show a bimodal preference response to the artificial sweetener sucralose. Chem Senses. 2004;29523-29528. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15269124&query_hl=12&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

51. Amyes SJG, Aughton P, Finn JP, Mann SW, Yuschak MM. A combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of sucralose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S71-S89.

 

52. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. December 6, 1988;A14:2866-3188.

 

53. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. March 23, 1994;1:22-470 and 2:471-738, A2762-2865.

 

54. Blackburn GL, Comer CP, Flamm WG, Mayhew DA, Stargel WW. Long-term food consumption and body weight changes in neotame safety studies are consistent with the allometric relationship observed for other sweeteners and during dietary restrictions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;38:144-156.

 

55. Finn JP, Lord GH. Neurotoxicity studies on sucralose and its hydrolysis products with special reference to istopatho logic and ultrastructural changes. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S7-S17.

 

56. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;14-15:4097-4280.

 

57. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. February 9, 1987;46:13477-13523.

 

58. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. March 29, 1994;1:72-509.

 

59. Amyes S, Aughton P, Finn JP, Mann SW, Yuschak MM. A carcinogenicity study of sucralose in the CD-1 mouse. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S91-S98.

 

60. Bailey GP, Kille JW, McAnulty PA et al. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S43-S52.

 

61. Ford WCL, Kille JW, McAnulty P et al. Sucralose: lack of effects on sperm glycolysis and reproduction in the rat. Food Chem Tox. 2000;38(S2):S19-S29.

 

62. Goldsmith LA, Grotz VL, Hill JO et al. Effectiveness of Families on the Move! A family-based approach for preventing excessive weight gain in children [abstract]. Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting, April 2006. Taken from: Hill JO, Personal Communication. Available at:

http://www.abstracts2view.com/pas/search.php?search=do&intMaxHits=10&where%5B%5D=&andornot%5B%5D=&query=Rodearmel

 

63. Bulteel V, Den Hond E, Geypens B et al. In vivo influence of nicotine on human basal and NSAID-induced gut barrier function. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003;38:399-408. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12739712&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

64. Meddings JB. Review article: Intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.

1997;11(S3):47-53. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9467978&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

65. Beufler B, Brown GR, Lindberg G et al. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor ameliorates murine intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(3):593-601. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10029618&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

66. Bai JC, Niveloni S, Maurino E et al. Acute gastrointestinal permeability responses to different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut. 2001;49:650-655. Available at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11600467&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum

 

67. Sucralose Food Additive Petition 7A3987. March 7, 1997;6:1-83.

 

68. Grotz VL, Little R. Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose or HbA1c monitoring [Draft manuscript]. Fort Washington, PA: McNeil Nutritionals, LLC.

 

69. Blackburn GL, Kanders BS, Keller SD, Lavin PT, Whatley J. The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997:65:409-418.

 

70. Berryman GH, Hazel GR, Sander PG, Taylor JD, Weinberg MS. A case of safety of cyclamate and cyclamatesaccharin combinations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968:21:673-687.

 

71. Bell KJ, Mance MJ, Morris DH, Ward A. Weight loss and consumption of artificial sweeteners among overweight women and men [Abstract]. J Am Dietetic Assoc. 9. 1989;(suppl. A-94).

 

72. Rolls BJ. Effects of intense sweeteners on hunger, food intake, and body weight: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:872-878.

 

73. Booth G, Porikos KP, Van Itallie TB. Effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous intake of obese individuals: a pilot study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977;30:1638-1644.

 

74. Hesser MF, Porikos KP, Van Itallie TB. Caloric regulation in normal weight men maintained on a palatable diet of conventional foods. Physiol Behav. 1982;29:293-300.

 

75. Pi-Sunyer FX, Porikos KP. Regulation of food intake in human obesity: studies with caloric dilution and exercise. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1984;13:547-561.

 

76. Porikos KP, Van Itallie TB: Efficacy of low-calorie sweeteners in reducing food intake: studies with aspartame. In: LJ Filer Jr., LD Stegink, eds. Aspartame: Physiology and Biochemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1984;273-286.

 

77. Field CJ, Gougeon R, Lee K, Spidel M. Canadian Diabetes Association National Nutrition Committee Technical Review: Non-nutritive intense sweeteners in diabetes management. Canadian J Diab. 2004;28:385-399. Available at: http://www.diabetes.ca/files/p.385-399.pdf

 

78. Hsieh G, Sigman-Grant M. Reported use of reduced sugars foods and beverages reflect high quality diets. Jour of Food Science. 2004;70:S42-S46.

 

79. Astrup A, Moller AC, Raben A, Vasilaras TH. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects Am J Clin Nutr.2002;76:721-729.

 

80. Goldsmith LA, Grotz VL, Moran JR et al. Effectiveness of Families on the Move! A family-based approach for preventing excessive weight gain in children [Abstract]. Pediatric Academic Societies Meeting, April 2006. Also Grotz VL, Mandel ID. Dental considerations in sucralose use. J Clin Dent. 2002;13:116-118. Available at: http://www.abstracts2view.com/pas/search.php?search=do&intMaxHits=10&where%5B%5D=&andornot%5B%5D=&query=Rodearmel

 

81. Federal Register. March 29, 2006;71(60):15559-15564.

20

82. International Food Information Council, August 1996. Questions and Answers About Acceptable Daily Intake. Available at: http://www.ific.org/publications/qa/adiqa.cfm

Accessed April 3, 2006.

 

83. Federal Register. April 3, 1998;(63)64:16431.